The Prevalence And Incidence Of Type 2 Diabetes Essay

A. Statement of the Problem The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes are increasing worldwide, particularly in devel-oping countries, in conjunction with increased obesity rates and westernization of lifestyle (In-zucchi et al., 2012). The economic burden for health care systems is skyrocketing, owing to the costs associated with treatment and diabetes complications. Type 2 diabetes remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disorders, blindness, end-stage renal failure, amputations, and hospitali-zations (World Health Organization, 2014). Type 2 diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and ongoing patient self-management education and support to reduce the risk of long-term disability and prevent complications. Self-management refers to â€Å"tasks that an individual must undertake to live well with one or more chronic conditions which include gaining confidence to deal with medical management, role management, and emotional management (El-Gayar et al., 2013). Effective self-management strategies are of obvious importance, and it is critical for achieving diabetes treatment goal. Î’. Significance of Problem As the worldwide prevalence of diabetes increase, the demand for and cost of medical care in-crease too. The median annual direct medical costs for subjects with diet-controlled type 2 diabe-tes who are not obese and have no complication were ranging between $1,700 and $2,100. The cost increased when the BMI and complications increased.Show MoreRelatedHigh Incidence Of Early Onset Type 2 Diabetes1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe High Incidence of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a metabolic body condition in which the pancreas is unable to secrete enough insulin, hence leading to increased levels of blood sugar. Age, genetics, weight and ethnicity are the four main risk factors of Type 2 diabetes. Common symptoms include frequent urination, persistent fatigue, slow healing process for cuts and wounds and blurred vision. Type 2 diabetes affects 1 out of 10 people in America, as research has concludedRead MoreIs The Social Environment Influence Type 2 Diabetes1040 Words   |  5 PagesStudies have shown that the social and built environment can play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes and self-care behaviors (Christine et al., 2015; Gebreab et al., 2017; Pasala, Rao, Sridhar, 2010; Sidawi Al-Hariri, 2012; Smalls, Gregory, Zoller, Egede, 2014; Winkleby Cubbin, 2003). Social environment includes factors such as safety, violence, social disorder, social cohesion, and collective efficacy of the neighborhood (National Research C ouncil (US) et al., 2013)Read MoreStatistical Analysis Of Blood Glucose Levels1322 Words   |  6 Pages(univariate ANOVA) should be used to assess the interaction between LPA and M VPA and its association with diabetes. A ÃŽ ±-level of 0.05 has to be chosen to determine the statistical significance. As for a cross-sectional study, the most appropriate measure of association that can be used is the prevalence rate ratio (PRR). PRR allows us to compare the prevalence of disease among exposed and the prevalence of disease among unexposed. If PRR or RR is greater than 1(RR1) this indicates a positive associationRead MoreEssay about High Prices of Healthy Foods Prevents Control of Diabetes1247 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the individuals living with Type 2 Diabetes in these low income areas know they have to eat healthier foods in order to control the illness and reduce the risk of getting worse, but they are often confounded by the distance they had to travel in order to buy the hea lthier foods from the health market, unaffordable prices of buying a healthier nutritious food, and the means of travel to get to the market. Chaufan, Davis, Constantino (2011), noted that disproportionate risk is caused by livingRead MoreDiabetes : A Growing Pandemic1627 Words   |  7 PagesType 1 diabetes is a growing pandemic in our world today, and is being diagnosed at a higher rate with each coming year. Diabetes prevention and education must be a top priority for countries such as the United States, so that this alarming trend of increased diagnosis can be brought to a halt. The United States has one of the best education systems in the world, however does not put a focus on diabetes education for those at risk. Diabetes is a growing pandemic in the United States and the worldRead MoreDiabetes in the Latino Community1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diabetes is a prevalent health disparity among the Latino population. Diabetes is listed as the fifth leading cause of death among the Latino population in the website for Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, in 2009. According to McBean, â€Å"the 2001 prevalence among Hispanics was significantly higher than among blacks.† (2317) In other words among the Hispanic or Latino community, there is a higher occurrence of diabetes as compared to other racial/ethnic groups such as BlacksRead MoreInfluence Of Risk Factors1538 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact on reducing NCDs. In many countries, the incidence and prevalence of chronic and NCDs has risen and this trend is expected to continue upward. The reason for this increase is the increased risk of these diseases in recent years. Lifestyle changes have increased the prevalence of some important risk factors - such as smoking, lack of physical activity, inappropriate diet, number of people with hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, which is a warning sign for increased mortalitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of The Population-Based Blue Mountains Eye Research Paper1517 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation in Liverpool reported that the prevalence of any DR is 45.7% and 25.3% whereas the prevalence of proliferative DR is 3.7% and 0.5% for Type 1 and Type 2 respectively (Younis, Broadbent, Harding, Vora, 2002). In the United States, the prevalence of any DR and sight threatening DR in all people with diabetes is estimated to be 28.5% and 4.4%, respectively (X. Zhang et al., 2010). The population-based Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) investigated the prevalence of DR in a population of 3654 peopleRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes And Its Prevalence Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction. This paper will explore Type 2 diabetes and its prevalence in countries such as: Australia and India. This paper will also review the role of two health professionals associated with the treatment or prevention of Type 2 diabetes, the health condition’s impact on community and three prevention or treatment methods for Type 2 diabetes. 2.0 Health Condition: Type 2 Diabetes â€Å"Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulinRead MoreA Study On High Blood Sugar Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes is a group or a collection of metabolic-based diseases which are linked to the level of blood sugar in the body. The most common situation or complication in diabetes is high blood sugar in the body which is caused by lack of enough insulin in the body to control and regulate the amount of glucose in the blood stream. It can also be caused by the failure of the body cells to respond to the produced insulin by the pancreas (World Health Organization 2006). Insulin is a renowned peptide hormone

The Tragedy of EveryMan in Death of a Salesman Essay

The Tragedy of EveryMan in Death of a Salesman Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens? I dont say hes a great man. Willy Loman never made a lot of money; his name was never in the paper; hes not the finest character that ever lived. But hes a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid ... Attention, attention, must be finally paid to such a person. from Death of a Salesman Only in America. The American Dream. Much is made in our society of the pursuit of the American Dream. But just what is that dream? And is it one worth pursuing? This is part of what Miller is asking us to look at in Death of a Salesman. But it manages to succeed on†¦show more content†¦After all, the unhindered pursuit of life, liberty and happiness is our birthright. But this is part of that visible world that Miller is punching holes in, exposing it to some of those inescapable truths of existence. There is a dark side to the freedom inherent in our pursuit of the American dream. Things get corrupt and out of balance when greed and power replace concern for others, or when the capitalistic system degenerates into nothing more than survival of the fittest mentality. Too much emphasis gets placed on wealth. Thus Willy can not accept that the things around him are enough to have a good life. He must be rich like his brother Ben. And in a dog eat dog world its all right for t hose riches to be obtained by unscrupulous means - Never fight fair with a stranger boy. Youll never get out of the jungle that way, Biff is counseled. And now that Willy is old and unable to keep up with the technology, he cant even operate Howards tape machine, and all of his contacts are retired or have passed away, he is no longer of use or value to the great economic machine. In the twilight of his life he finds that he is a piece of fruit whose peel is being tossed away. And as for Biff, its not enough to be liked. You must be well-liked. To play on the football team is not enough. You must be the star. The implication being that if you are desired by several colleges you are worth more to society than Bernard whoShow MoreRelatedSophocles Oedipus Rex as Modern Tragedy Essay examples1184 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus Rex and Tragedy Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex is, in short, the story of a man who unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother. It certainly sounds like a tragedy, doesn’t it? But the classification and definition of ‘tragedy’ are one of the many things widely disputed in the realm of literary studies. So, for the purposes here we’ll use Aristotle’s five criteria of a tragedy: a tragic hero of noble birth, a tragic flaw or mistake, a fall from grace, a moment of remorse, and catharsisRead MoreTo What Extent Can Bosola Be Considered a Tragic Hero? Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can Bosola be considered a tragic hero? â€Å"Let worthy minds ne’er stagger in distrust/ to suffer death or shame for what is just. / Mine is another voyage.† Thus the dying Bosola concludes his last speech and, in doing so, ends the life of a character whose very nature is at odds with the others’ – and with himself. For Bosola is a paradox: as a malcontent, he delivers line after line of poisonous verse; insults old women; sneers at the Cardinal and Ferdinand, whom he sees (justifiablyRead MoreThe Multifaceted Themes and Symbols in Millers Play, Death of a Salesman2446 Words   |  10 PagesArthur Miller, the author of the play Death of a Salesman, proposes the idea that even an ordinary person can have major tragedies happen to him or her. When something bad happened to the individuals, who were mostly royalty, as portrayed in the great Greek and great Shakespearean tragedies, it affected the whole country. The ordinary person with a commonplace background, however, playing the major role in a tragedy, is a reformation of the older masterpiece, now tuned for modern readers and viewersRead MoreLiterary Review of Rabbit R un by John Updike Essays3013 Words   |  13 PagesRabbit is a brainless guy whose career as a high school basketball star peaked at age 18. In his wifes view, he was, before their early, hasty marriage, already drifting downhill. We meet him for the first time in this novel, when he is 22, and a salesman in the local department store. Married to the second best sweetheart of his high school years, he is the father of a preschool son and husband to an alcoholic wife. We are at ground zero watching Rabbit struggle with aging, religion, sexuality (particularlyRead MoreData Sheet Analysis for Kafkas Metamorphosis Essay4848 Words   |  20 Pages | |worried as everyone else; by the end of |(Kafka 39). | | | |three, he is rejoicing over Gregors death.| | | | |In the end, he is the necessary antagonist,| | | |

Career path Free Essays

The skills that I think are necessary for success in college are being self-motivated, having effective time management and a strong dedication and willpower to want to succeed. The desire to succeed can only come from you. There are people to help you along the way, but you are the only person that can make a change for yourself and for the better. We will write a custom essay sample on Career path or any similar topic only for you Order Now Self-motivation is the number one factor in having a successful college experience. Once you have made a decision to further your education you must realize that there will conflicts throughout. Conflicts with work or family may arise. If you lack self-motivation, there is a possibility you will lose sight of what your goal is. There must be a balance between school and other obligations. You are responsible for finding that balance to ensure a successful college experience and a happy personal or work life as well. Effective time management is imperative in college. There are many times when tests and papers are due at the same time for each class. It is important to know what lies ahead in each class. A monthly calendar allows you to note upcoming due dates, midterm and final dates. It is helpful to have a visual so you can plan on a teeth to allow yourself adequate time for each class. Some people may be good at procrastination but when taking multiple classes, I don’t think waiting until the last minute is effective. You made a decision to invest time and money to enter college. You have a goal in mind. In order to reach that goal you need a strong dedication and willpower to succeed. There will be bumps along the way. Each class will introduce new ideas and responsibilities; when those responsibilities conflict with other responsibilities, I think you need the willpower to push through it. You need the dedication to the lasses and program you enrolled in. Keep the end goal in sight. The skills that I already have are being self-motivated, having effective time management and a strong dedication to being successful in college. I am a lifetime learner. I enjoy attending my classes and what is involved to succeed. Part of what helps me succeed in my classes is being effective with time management. I have learned how to handle a full time class load, working and having a happy family. My last Job required you to be great at multi-tasking. Multi-tasking is useful when attending college and having a young family. I have learned how to study while my hillier are occupied or napping. I also have my husband’s support which is crucial when attending school. In order to write a paper or study for an exam I will either go to the library, my parents’ house or at times my husband will take our children somewhere, Just to give me the time I need. I don’t think you could succeed in college and in personal life if you don’t have the dedication to school. I want to succeed and do well in college to better the life for my family. I am dedicated in accomplishing my goal and I know I will succeed. I have developed these skills through experience. I graduated from high school in 999 and have been attending college since, taking breaks to start my family. I have an associate degree already but have always wanted to pursue nursing. Since graduating with my associates degree, I have always taken part time classes, while working full time and having a family. However, I made the decision to enroll full time and complete my degree. I have three young daughters, all less than six years old. I know that to better their lives I must finish schooling. I want them to see that a higher education is something to strive and work toward. I want them to see my self-motivation and my dedication, to only to them but to school. Effective time management is a necessity when raising my children, being a spouse and being a successful student. I have learned to love my calendar. I write everything down. I have to see lies ahead for my family and for school. One weakness that I have is being committed to too many different things with my children, all while I am trying to finish school. I sign up to help with a lot of their events and organizations. I need to realize that I am only one person and cannot do it all. I need to only sign up for a select number of events and commit myself to those instead off little bit here and there. I also have bad test anxiety. I am hoping that I can alleviate the anxiety I get by allowing myself adequate time to study and prepare for tests. I also need to have confidence in myself to know that I will succeed on the test. I try to go into each test with a positive attitude. I will be taking the TEAS test on 11/16/12. I have heard so much negativity towards the test from peers that I try to distance myself from the negativity. I know that going into the test Friday that I have done all I was able to do and look forward to seeing my results. I have chosen a nursing career. The same skills listed for a college experience are also needed for a successful nursing career. In addition to these, strong interpersonal skills and critical thinking skills are needed. I have worked in the health care field for over 10 years, so I have seen first hand what skills are needed and already have knowledge of medical terminology and Anatomy and Physiology. This is only my first semester at Bryant Stratton. I still need to pass my TEAS and am looking forward to being accepted in the nursing program. I would like to improve upon my confidence. As a nurse you don’t have time to second guess yourself. I need to realize that I know the answer and stick to it. I also need to stop being afraid of failure. I need to set little goals and as those are accomplished, celebrate them. This will make my long term goal seem not so far out of reach. I previously stated that I like to avoid negativity. I do not want to be surrounded by negative people or situations. This only brings my confidence down. I also want to remain an active learner. Whether this means taking continuing education courses or reading a health Journal related to my field; I know that this will increase my confidence because I will be full of knowledge. In conclusion, it is important to understand that the decision to enter college is a life changing decision. Dedication, time management, and the desire to succeed and take responsibility for what needs to be are commitments that must be made upon making the decision to enroll in college. The approach I took when writing this paper is following the outline given and responding to each question. The outline style was effective for this paper since a list of skills were required. I did not forget to expand on any skill since I had it in the outline format. How to cite Career path, Papers

Cognitive Development of Infants and Young Children

Question: Discuss your understanding of the physical development of children 0-8 years to present guidelines for child safety in a day care facility. Answer: Physical development of a child refers to the characteristics such as appearance, growth in size, height, body coordination and the development of fine and gross muscles. As they grow between 0-8 years, children develop motor skills such as jumping, throwing, climbing, running, skipping and kicking. It also includes body movements and body organization (Rivkin, 2006). Due to the busy schedule in todays lifestyle of most parents, day care centres have become an integral organization in the development of children. Sometimes parents; scared by the escalating cost of day care centres are forced to turn to in-home caretakers who might live down the street, watch children during the day and essentially operate their own business. However, such caretakers cannot be held to the same standard as larger operations. In choosing the appropriate day care centre for ones child, it is essential that a parent considers the day care facility that will ensure the safety of their children and not only emphasize on the cost. In the course of overseeing the physical development of a child, a day care facility should be able to ensure the safety of a child in the following ways: Toilet Training Children at a young age of 0-2 years are not able to use the toilet. It is essential for the day care to maintain the cleanliness of such a child by changing the nappy each and every time the child defecates. The child should be washed properly and immediately after changing the nappy the caretaker should wash his/her hands to avoid contamination which may lead to diseases such as diarrhoea. At an advanced stage 2-8 years, children are able to use the toilet. They should be trained on hygiene measures such as use of toilet paper and washing hands after visiting the toilet. The day care should also ensure that toilets are located away from the place where the children reside. Some children at this stage could also be introverts hence the caretaker should encourage them to speak whenever they are pressed (Bredekamp, 1986). Conducive playing environment The playing environment for the children should be clean, well ventilated, spacious, slippery free, have sufficient lighting, free of dangerous objects, well arranged and away from transport lines. Children should also be trained on first aid skills to assist them in case of injuries during play. The playing materials used by the children should be blunt, light to enable lifting, attractive, adequate and poison free (Diamond, 2011) Proper nutrition Food is essential for the health and holistic development of a child. The day care centres should give age appropriate diet to the children. For instance, parents of children below six months should be requested to bring breast milk for the children. For older children; above six months, they should be given a balance diet (Ormrod, 2013). Children should be given clean foods and encouraged to wash their hands before eating. Proper medical attention Day care facilities should advice parents on the health condition of the children. They should also ensure that the children are given medical interventions such as immunization, child monitoring and deworming. References Bredekamp, S. (1986). Developmentally appropriate practice. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1834 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009-5786 (NAEYC Publication# 224, $3.00. No shipping charge on pre-paid orders). Diamond, A., Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959-964. Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Educational Psychology: Pearson New International Edition: Developing Learners. Pearson Higher EdMcDevitt, T. M., Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Child development and education. Pearson College Division. Rivkin, M. S. (2006). Moving learning TOGETHER! Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 20(6), 32-34,36. Retrieved from proquest Sep 13.

Euro Essays - Currency, Economy Of The European Union,

Euro The Most Interesting Event The progress of the Euro was the most interesting event occurring throughout this period. Never before has a currency united so many powerful economic nations. It is very interesting to see the progress it has made and changes it has influenced. In 1991 it was decided that the Euro would be introduced. It officially became the currency of eleven European nations: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, shortly thereafter. Although the actually hard currency will not be introduced until January 1, 2002, it is possible to trade and complete transactions using this currency. This introduction allowed for a single money supply throughout most of Europe, caused increased transparency of prices and stocks throughout the nations adopting it and encouraged long-term investments between firms in different countries by eliminating exchange rate risk. Despite these benefits, the launch of the Euro has not gone as successfully as planned. Since its introduction the Euro has lost almost one third of its value compared to the dollar. This devaluation has the potential to create a large negative effect on European markets. To take control of the situation government intervention was deemed necessary. In early September, the European Central Bank lowered interest rates for the sixth time in less than a year, in hopes of initiating a rise in the value of the Euro. Despite these efforts the value of the Euro continued to falter. Then in late September central banks from many powerful economic nations collaborated in a major invention effort. The banks spent billions buying Euros to increase their demand while simultaneously selling dollars and yen. This effort seemed to have work as the Euro finally stabilized. This invention was an important step because a weak Euro would cause investors to lose confidence in the new currency. In addition it created a risk of increased inflation because of the increased expense of imports. However, the Euro is still not out of danger because many analysts feel that the reason that it is performing so poorly is because of the decreased amounts of investments in Europe as other markets, the United States in particular, continued to flourish. This is a long-term problem that the central banks will be unable to fix. Then in November as there were signs of slowing economic growth in the US the value of the Euro started to increase. By late November many businesses were acquiring a preference for the Euro because of the benefits it provided. According to one article, The Euro has revolutionized corporate strategy and transformed approaches to doing business in Europe. It makes life much easier for European people, businesses and investors as it creates a single European market. As you can see in just a short period the impact and effect of the Euro drastically changed. It will be interesting to see what will happen in January 2002 when the actual hard currency is put into circulation. No one knows exactly what impact this will have but it will be exciting to see just how this will stir up the European economy as well as economies throughout the world. The Most Interesting Event The progress of the Euro was the most interesting event occurring throughout this period. Never before has a currency united so many powerful economic nations. It is very interesting to see the progress it has made and changes it has influenced. In 1991 it was decided that the Euro would be introduced. It officially became the currency of eleven European nations: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, shortly thereafter. Although the actually hard currency will not be introduced until January 1, 2002, it is possible to trade and complete transactions using this currency. This introduction allowed for a single money supply throughout most of Europe, caused increased transparency of prices and stocks throughout the nations adopting it and encouraged long-term investments between firms in different countries by eliminating exchange rate risk. Despite these benefits, the launch of the Euro has not gone as successfully as planned. Since its introduction the Euro has lost almost one third of its value compared to the dollar. This devaluation has the potential to create a large negative effect on

Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Essays

Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Essays Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Paper Is It Possible To Feel Sympathy For Macbeth Paper We can take a quote from this scene where all the witches chant: Fair is foul and foul is fair, this quote IS hinting towards Macbeth future, with he quotes meaning being that things dont look the same as they actually are on the inside. In the second scene, king Duncan learns the rebels, led by traitor Thane of Castor Macdonald, has been crushed by Macbeth, Macbeth is praised for his bravery shown in this quote: for brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name, disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel this shows his bravery and loyalty, at this point he is a soldier with good intentions and no aspiration for harm. After Duncan hears this news he orders for McDonalds execution and announces Macbeth to be the new hand of Castor. Dunces condemns Macdonald by saying no more that Thane of Castor shall deceive our bosoms interest, meaning that he wont receive matters close to his heart. In scene three the witches appear and discuss putting a horrific spell on a sailor just for being rude to one of the witches, this is hinting towards the way they treat Macbeth and what Macbeth is going to be dragged into. The witches then come to Macbeth and Banana to give a prophecy in which they hail Macbeth as Thane of Glacis, Thane of Castor and King hereafter, the three witches then disappear. After, Angus and Ross tell Macbeth he is the new Thane Castor, this tells Macbeth the prophecy is true. Macbeth is very interested and tempted in the crown now we know this from this quote: Why do yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make me my seated heart knock at my ribs. Macbeth has just thought about killing Duncan but the thought makes him feel an odd sick feeling, his humanity provokes us to feel sympathy for Macbeth. In scene 4, King Duncan thanks Macbeth and Banana personally. You can tell that Macbeth wants the crown as he flatters Duncan as he says The service and loyalty owe in doing it, pays itself, Your highness part is to receive our duties. However Malcolm, Dunces son, is announced as the next king, you can feel sympathy for Macbeth here because what he has be en promised by the witches has been taken away from him. However this quotes tells us that Macbeth wants to kill Duncan: that is a Step on which I must fall down, or else Orleans, for in my way it lies, he is saying he must either forget about his ambitions or plan to do something about the obstacles in the way of his true, his decision is made: stars hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires. He is asking God to not let anyone discover his ambitions; we lose sympathy for Macbeth at this point. In scene 5, Lady Macbeth reads a letter from Macbeth of what the witches have predicted, Lady Macbeth becomes desperate for the crown and will now stop at nothing to get it. However she doubts Machetes drive for this throne: yet I do fear thy nature. It is too full o the milk of human kindness so she decides to persuade by pouring her spirits into thing ear. When Macbeth arrives home she persuades and manipulates him into killing Duncan when he comes to spend the night at their castle. We can feel sympathy for Macbeth at this point because he has thinking about killing Duncan and he is vulnerable but Lady Macbeth causes him to change his mind. Scene 6 is a very short one in which Duncan and others arrives at Inverness and is greeted by Lady Macbeth, and flatters him by saying: all our service, in every point done twice and then double, were poor and single business to contend against those honors deep and broad wherewith Your Majesty odds our house. In scene 7 Macbeth debates with himself whether he should kill Duncan. But his wife goads him, manipulating him, she questions his manhood Was hope drunk wherein you dressed yourself. She even questions his love for her From this time, should I account thy love. Macbeth still questions himself, but she begs him to tighten his courage to the limit. Lady Macbeth his pushing and pulling at a weak and vulnerable mind, so we must feel sympathy for him. Macbeth goes ahead with the plan to murder Duncan. In conclusion, I do feel sympathy for Macbeth at some points of Act 1 u to his wife being so ruthless and his loyalty and humanity at the beginning of the Act, but I feel as though t his means hardly anything because his does think about killing Duncan and Macbeth knows what he plans to do is wrong, and fully acknowledges the future consequences. That is a Step on which must fall down, or else overlap, for in my way it lies, he is saying he must either forget about manhood Was hope drunk wherein you dressed yourself. She even Duncan. In conclusion, do feel sympathy for Macbeth at some points of Act 1 beginning of the Act, but feel as though this means hardly anything because

Principles of Information Systems in Business and Organization Essay

Principles of Information Systems in Business and Organization - Essay Example Additionally, it refers to information or knowledge that is coded. Information on the other hand, refers to the data that is accurate, timely, organized and specific. It also covers data that is presented in a form that has a meaning and relevance. Knowledge entails the understanding of the information and facts through the process of learning, experience or education. This paper aims at discussing how data, information and knowledge are applicable in the context of administrative behavior theory. Administrative behavior theory refers to the process through which individuals work in an organization. The theory, which was established by Herbert Simon, indicates that individual in high positions make decisions while those in lower position make decisions with a bit higher factual component (Levinson, 2007). Additionally, it indicates that activities can only be evaluated against the goals set. Simon covers two major concepts within the administrative behavior. The first one is the bounded rationality. This concept covers the cognitive limitations of decision makers. It also indicates that during receiving, storing and receiving information as well as in solving problems, individuals face limitations. Other issues that are covered by the bounded rationality includes recognizing the costs of processing as well as gathering information, limiting the available utility functions and possibility of having a multi-valued and a vector function. Simon second concept is satisficing. This refers to the attempts to attain at least minimum value of a certain valuable without striving to achieve the minimum value of it. During satisficing, individuals use various strategies to get the data that is applied to identify the solution that satisfies a set of constraints. For example, during optimization, if X denotes set of options, and S  Ã¢Å â€ Ã‚  X portrays the satisfying options, then an optimization

Critique Writing on Quantitative Research Essay

Critique Writing on Quantitative Research - Essay Example This analysis has developed a unified and cohesive explanation that has not only been targeted at expounding the specifics of the research, but also provides a clear formulation of a thorough research interpretation. According to my suggestion from the study observations, it is apparent that the sample size and the methodology that is employed in the experimental group subjects selection invalidates the research thereby resulting in a great reduction of the ultimate ability to generalize the immediate and eventual population. Key Words: teacher in-servicing, research, methodology, sample size, and research validity Critical analysis In this research paper on The effects of teacher training on new instructional behaviour in reading comprehension, de Jager, and colleagues (2002) have given an outline of a quasi-design of an experiment that is centred on three groups of sample population (these groups consists of two investigational and one control group). These sample groups were selec ted from the population that consisted of 83 teachers from the primary school level in Northern Netherlands. While introducing the research paper, the authors insists on the need for the teachers incorporating the appropriate instructional approaches through which they will be implanted with the guidelines for the new instructions coupled with the need for accessing the inservice coaching through which they will successfully be able to implement these models in their day to days teaching. This can be explained as the statement that details the reason behind the research. However, this must not be misunderstood as a research question according to my belief. It is just a belief statement that is employed in framing the focus and purpose of the research. In addition, the authors recognize the fact that in education, the focus has to revolve around the student based and constructive learning. This idea is supported by Dorgan (2004) who insists that pupils have to be guided and facilitat ed by the teachers to the best understanding level. In addition, the authors also recognizes the fact that while the educational theory can be perceived to have progressed to an extent of meeting the current paradigm higher standards, the progress of education has not been progressive to a level that is up to date. Therefore, the paper aims to explore the possibility of having the educational and theoretical practices reconciled practically. Research problem In this research paper, de Jager, and colleagues (2002) have their focus drawn to particular research question that has clearly been detailed in page 832. Rather that detailing the question as interrogative, it is framed as a statement that asks; can the primary school teachers be trained in the Direct Instruction (DI) or Cognitive Apprentiship (CA) model? Particularly important to the author is the way the metacognitive skills are integrated into the models employed in teaching. The authors insist that through the previous stud ies; for instance those conducted in 2001 by Muijs and Reynolds among others, the Direct Instruction is proven to be effective when it comes to enhancing the basic skills development. In addition, the authors have insisted that from the proof provided by the lab experiments, the Cognitive Apprenticeship has been proven to be effective. As a result of these facts, we can justify conducting and analysing similar

Synthesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Synthesis - Research Paper Example The Serpent of Paradise was written by Edward Abbey. And in this work he focuses on his experience like a park ranger in the south-eastern Utah’s Arches National Monument. The most important themes of Edward Abbey are- exploitation’s of pristine environment by the tourists and People’s kinship towards the animals. The Themes Present in the Works: â€Å"The deliverance considered as the engaging, suspenseful, full of fast-paced mystery and beautiful prose describing the natural environment that will soon be destroyed by a power company’s dam† (Cusatis p.110). The main theme of Deliverance is that of the survival in the nature against its overpowering odds. And the main themes that are present in the Serpents of Paradise are- exploitation’s of pristine environment by the tourists and People’s kinship towards the animals. Some of the other themes as present in the Most Dangerous game are; Arrogance: Rainsford, an arrogant animal hunter an d he have no pain or fear. And Zaroff, another arrogant hunter and he feel that in order to entertain himself, he should hunt humans. Violence: It relates to the behavior of characters towards each other and also towards the surrounding animals. Degradation of man: â€Å"The final and most prevalent theme is the Degradation of Man† (Marin p.5). It deals with the degradation of man from being a mere animal hunter to being a hunter of man and the changes from being hunter to that of a murderer. The Common Themes in these Works: While comparing the works of The Deliverance, The Serpents of Paradise and The Most Dangerous Game; we can find a common theme which is present in all these works i.e., the attitude of humans towards the nature. Man’s struggle and survival in the wilderness. All these works focus on this particular theme and the author portrays this theme with various incidents In Deliverance, James Dickey represents the theme in such a way that before the journey starts, the three among the four travellers does not have any experience in the journey through the forest. Lewis Medlock who is one among the four is a survivalist and seasoned outdoorsmen who really plans the journey and guides the group. The centerpiece of the novel is that of the sexual assault and the attack by two mountaineers in the river bank and which leads to a sequence of murder. During the journey they faced a lot of conflicts from the nature and from men. And they struggled a lot to overcome these difficulties that is, during their canoe ride they confronted with the Rough River and also they confronted a conflict with the two hillbillies. Even though one among the four died and they tried to have a struggle with the local men in the wood and they were able to escape from it. All these incidents show that man struggles for survival and they all learn an experience from this journey. In the beginning of the story, Ed was lacking the knowledge about the nature and after facing all the difficulties through the journey, their attitude toward the journey have changed a lot and they consider nature as more powerful and as a result they opinioned that respect should be given to the nature. In the Serpents of Paradise by Edward Abbey, he is viewing the Arches national park as wilderness. This work gives the

Transnational corporations in developing world

Transnational corporations in developing world Introduction Transnational corporations have spread their operations around the entire world and are frequently violating the most basic human rights. This paper will discuss the negative impact of transnational corporations (hereinafter: TNCs) on the natural environment in host countries. It will focus on corporations operating in developing countries. Environmental degradation is closely interlinked to health, but due to restrictions, the paper will only focus on the environmental aspect. As a result of the global impact of TNCs operations and the negative effect on the environment they may cause, environmental protection is a very relevant topic. It is very concerning that there are only a few international legal documents which lay down TNCs responsibilities regarding this matter. Due to the voluntary nature of those, TNCs can very often operate in their own way, without any regard to the environment and what is more, in many cases the host states are reluctant to take any measures to prevent pollution done by TNCs. The working hypothesis of this paper is as follows: TNCs and host countries have certain responsibilities regarding environmental protection. However, they are reluctant to take measures to prevent environmental pollution, the former because they are driven by profit and the latter because of a lack of will or means. Developing countries where TNCs operate frequently lack sufficient funds for environmental management or are unwilling to put pressure on TNCs because they do not want to lose TNCs investment. The paper will be divided into three sections. In the first one, the recognition of the right to a healthy environment will be examined. This section will include some global and regional documents which recognize that right and it will briefly present how the right to environment is recognized at the national level of states. The second part will contain an overview of TNCs impact on the environment and research their legal and moral obligations with regard to environmental protection. In the third part, responsibility of states to protect peoples right to the environment from being violated by TNCs will be examined. Throughout the paper, cases of environmental pollution by TNCs will be presented. Good practices will be mentioned as well. The paper will among others, look into the following documents: UDHR, ICESCR, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights. Furthermore, constitutions of some countries regarding the environment will be mentioned. As examples of certain claims, cases will be presented and statistical data used to support some statements. The Right to a Healthy Environment Consequences of environmental degradation have increasingly started to attract international attention in the second part of the 20th century. Many attempts to develop regulations for environmental protection were made, but at first, environmental protection was not directly linked to human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights for example recognizes the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family[1] which emphasizes more the social care. The Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted in 1972 in Stockholm (hereinafter: Stockholm Declaration) made a significant step towards environmental protection by stating: Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations.[2] Fr om this formulation it can be understood that environmental protection is a precondition to the enjoyment of human rights. In other words, human rights are seen as a goal and environmental protection as means to achieve it. The Stockholm Declaration influenced the development of a number of documents and organizations concerned with the environmental protection. Important to mention is the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development which proclaims the right of human beings to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature[3] and states further that the environmental requirement of future generations is a basic human right: The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.[4] There exist a number of international and regional documents, principles and norms relating to the concept of the environment[5]. However, no global human rights treaty which includes the right to environment has been adopted so far. There are several regional documents which explicitly recognize the human right to a healthy environment, for instance African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights[6] and American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[7]. It is worth mentioning that the European Convention on Human Rights does not include the right to a healthy environment but this might change in October 2009 the Parliamentary Assembly issued a recommendation that this right be included in an additional protocol to the convention. On the national level, the right to a healthy environment is today codified in numerous constitutions[8] and national laws. The formulations of the right vary but in general they include the principle that the human right to a healthy/clean/secure/safe environment provides each individual a right to an environment that enables him/her well-being and development.[9] Environmental degradation is closely linked to some other human rights. Pollution of resources such as water, air or soil is violating the right to health and can have an impact on the right to life. Forced evictions caused by consequences of corporations projects for example are connected to the violation of the right to the property, just to name a few. As stated above, this paper will only focus on the environmental aspect. Transnational Corporations The impact of TNCs on the environment In the past century, transnational corporations have expanded their activities throughout the entire world. They operate in many sectors such as extractive industries, footwear and textile production, manufacturing, electronics, construction etc. Most TNCs are registered in developed countries[10] but usually move their operations to developing countries. They are attracted by less stringent environmental regulations and bigger tolerance to the pollution they cause, which is closely connected to tolerance to other human rights violations arising from the environmental degradation.[11] Corporations are capable of contributing to better local living conditions by increasing the standard of living and some surely do. They stimulate development by for example providing jobs, training or modern technical equipment. There are cases where corporations operating in a host country which has lower environmental standards compared to those in their home country, operate under stricter standards. This, however, is not a universal practice. TNCs often move their operations to developing countries precisely because they can get away with the bad conduct prohibited elsewhere. In developing countries corporations frequently use potentially dangerous technologies and outdated machinery which are highly pollutant. In 1985 for instance the Westinghouse Electric Corporation from U.S. sold a nuclear reactor to Philippines which did not meet U.S. safety standards.[12] What is more, examples can be found of TNCs which do not meet neither the standards of the home nor the host country. Such was the outdated equipment in the pesticide plant in Bhopal which was the reason for the worst industrial accident in history. Mining and oil industries are contributing to large-scale environmental pollution. Those, along with other industries cause soil degradation, deforestation, pollution of the atmosphere, contaminate water supplies and have a heavy impact on biodiversity as well. Such degradation is long-term and heavily impacts health. Among other diseases it causes respiratory and lung problems, skin rashes, allergies, tumors and can even result in death. Environmental damage is often irreversible or it takes long time for the nature to renew. As it has been recognized in the Rio Declaration, it has an impact on future generations as well. Legal obligations of TNCs The international system for protection of human rights is a state-based system. That means that states are primary duty-holders of human rights obligations but they are not exclusive duty-holders. A question arises if TNCs have any obligations[13] to comply with these laws. The International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[14] for example refers to any State, group or person[15] as having duties so from this statement it can be deducted that TNCs have duties as well and should therefore refrain from violating human rights through their activities. The problem arises with the accountability. Under current international law namely, states are the ones which are required to impose standards that TNCs must adhere to and states are the ones which will be held liable for human rights violations by corporations.[16] In the 1970s several codes of conduct concerning the duties of TNCs have been developed, such as OECD-Declaration on International Investments and Multinational Enterprises (1976), which includes Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. In regard to environmental protection, the guidelines state that enterprises should take due account of the need to protect the environment and avoid creating environmentally related health problems. They should furthermore provide timely information regarding the potential impacts on the environment and health, take measures to minimize the risk of accidents and damage to health and environment and cooperate in mitigating adverse effects of their operations.[17] The guidelines can be used as recommendation to TNCs but they are not legally binding. Today there are 42 countries which have signed the document.[18] A more recent voluntary standard developed for promotion of human rights by corporations is the United Nations Global Compact, an initiative for businesses that are committed to aligning their operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labor, environment and anti-corruption.[19] The abovementioned initiatives are both voluntary and it is true that they are a step into the right direction but due to the fact that they are voluntary and not legally binding they have proven not to be effective, which can be seen in cases mentioned throughout the paper. In 2003 a significant document was adopted: the UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights (hereinafter: the Norms). The Norms are the first international legal instrument to recognize the obligations of TNCs regarding the protection of human rights. With regard to the environmental protection, it is clearly stated that TNCs shall carry out their activities in accordance with national laws, regulations, administrative practices and policies relating to the preservation of the environment of the countries in which they operate.[20] The commentary of that clause states that corporations shall respect the right to a clean and healthy environment in the light of the relationship between the environment and human rights.[21] The Norms impose obligations on TNCs to assess the impact of their activities and deliver reports to competent bodies.[22] TNCs are furthermore to adopt internal rules of operation which ar e in compliance with the Norms[23] and respect and protect human rights within their spheres of their activity. Nevertheless, as it is stated in the text, the primary responsibility still lies within the states.[24] As can be seen from the way the Norms are formed, they are not purely voluntary. They namely foresee a monitoring and reporting mechanism to determine if TNCs comply with the obligations they have under the Norms. What is more, according to the text TNCs shall provide adequate reparation to communities which have been affected by TNCs failures to comply with the Norms.[25] In April 2004 though, the Commission on Human Rights affirmed that Norms have no legal standing and that Sub-Commission should not perform any monitoring.[26] That means that Norms are only a consultative document. The same as the abovementioned regulations, the Norms are of voluntary nature and therefore its provisions cannot be enforced upon TNCs. It can be concluded that just as any other voluntary document, they will only be observed by a few corporations and these tend to be the ones which are already operating in a positive manner. The international community has so far been unable to reach an agreement on a legally binding document recognizing the right to environment which is strictly directed at TNCs. That, however, does not mean that there are no environmental standards TNCs must adhere to while conducting their practices. TNCs must respect national laws of host countries regarding those standards. Moral obligations of TNCs There is an increasingly strong view that TNCs have ethical or moral duties to respect fundamental human rights in the countries in which they do business. The NGO sector expects TNCs to engage more in their environmental responsibility and that they act to ensure that their impact is positive, not negative.[27] If companies are observed from the perspective that they are created to make profit and that profit maximization is the only force that drives them, then it is contradictory for them to have any additional expenses which are not strictly necessary. Milton Friedman in his article on social responsibility of businesses argues that the responsibility is to conduct business in accordance with their desires, which generally will be to make as much money possible.[28] He points out that a company engages in certain activities which are good for the community just for its own purposes and profit.[29] Can it be deduced that ethical conduct is only in the economic interest of a corporation? From that perspective it would mean that TNCs invest money into something that is not strictly necessary for business, but they do it only because they believe they will have some economic benefits from the investment. And if ethical conduct would not be beneficial, would TNCs still consider it? Not all corporations can be blamed for polluting the environment. Many are operating in positive manners but as already mentioned above, due to the restrictions, this paper is only focusing on those which have a negative impact on the environment. From the latter group, there is a number of TNCs which have improved their policies. The question that arises in this respect is if they do that because they realized that due to new practices they would have a greater economic benefit. Is the change genuine or are the efforts being made just for the sake of gaining competitive advantage? In times of globalization, companies cannot escape the scrutiny of media for their misconduct even if it is taking place at the other side of the world. There are many campaigns calling for consumers attention to irresponsible operations of TNCs which give them bad publicity that may consequently reduce the sales.[30] Organizations like Corporate Watch, Global Exchange or CorpWatch are constantly exposing TNCs for the environmental damage they cause. TNCs do not want consumers to think of their brand as a bad brand because of their negative practices and may change their conduct for that reason. The importance of public scrutiny is growing. What is more, this might be the main tool for forcing TNCs to become more responsible towards the environment since they may want to avoid negative publicity which can affect their sales. On the other hand, what they might do is to advertise their good practices when in fact they continue to work in environmentally destructive practices. Unilever for example portrays itself as a business which exercises the same concern for the environment wherever it operates and whose policy is to ensure safety of its operations for the environment.[31] Greenpeace on the other hand has accused Unilever of double standards because the company had allowed its Indian subsidiary to dump several tones of highly toxic mercury waste in a surrounding protected nature reserve.[32] Another case worth mentioning is Royal-Dutch Shell which now portrays itself as a good corporate citizen by announcing it operates in environmentally and socially responsible ways.[33] According to Corporate Watch however, the corporation continues, behind the greenwash, with many of its old ways.[34] States As already mentioned above, states are primary duty-bearers of human rights and have obligations to respect, protect and fulfill the human rights of their citizens in accordance with their national laws and with international documents they are parties to. States are the ones who establish treaties, they are the ones who sign them and must play the central regulatory role over activities within their territory.[35] With regard to the subject of this paper that means that states should have an overview of TNCs operations on their territory and make sure that corporations respect national environmental regulations. The implementation of environmental laws largely depends on each countrys efforts to enforce them. Frequently when dealing with TNCs, host countries on one hand lack the capacity or on the other hand, the political will to enforce the laws and consequently fail to respond to threats of TNCs to the environment. As mentioned above, many TNCs operate in Third World countries and these often do not have sufficient means for environmental management. There might be a lack of funding and lack of mechanisms needed to monitor compliance with laws. Therefore states are frequently unable to pressurize TNCs into adhering to their environmental laws. Operations of the U.S. corporation Newmont Mining and Peruvian firm Buenaventura in Yanacocha in Peru can be given as an example. Mining activities have resulted in depletion and pollution of water supplies, which led the local community to organize numerous protests. In 2006, with the change of government, an agreement between the TNC, communitys representatives and the government was concluded. The three parties agreed that the TNC would build a water purification plant and carry out studies of the local water supply. Upon that, a local NGO insisted that the government must act to stop the environmental pollution and got a response of the Minister of Energy who claimed that government would take steps to ensure that the rights are respected, but he pointed to the lack of funds for setting up an autonomous oversight body.[36] Some truth definitely lies behind the fact that developing countries are restricted in their funds and thus may not be able to perform certain activities. Stil l it has to be taken into account that the country profits from TNC activities as well so the lack of capacities can in many cases be connected to the lack of will. The second aspect of non-enforcement of environmental laws is, as mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, that states might be unwilling to put pressure on TNCs. One of the reasons is because of the fear that corporations might transfer their investments to other countries. Less stringent environmental laws or failure of states to enforce the laws might be more attractive to TNCs. States namely have economic benefits from TNCs investments and some put priority on those over environmental issues and consequently over their citizens rights. It is not rare that countries give out concessions to TNCs even though they are aware of the environmental pollution the TNCs cause. What is more, governments frequently even actively help TNCs, sometimes with use of violence against their own citizens. This has been the case in the example that follows. Freeport Indonesia has been operating a gold and copper mine in West Papua since 1970s and polluting irresponsibly almost without any liability. At the time when Freeport started its mining operation this was the cornerstone of the countrys economy. In order to lead the country towards economic stability, the government had given the corporation generous concessions. In exchange, the company provided employment, infrastructure and technology. The mining company, operating in the way it chose, with little regard for environmental consequences, and the government have therefore both benefited from the activities. While operating, Freeport has been disposing hazardous waste into the nea rby rivers, polluting the water and the surrounding environment which has caused severe health problems of the local population. When opposition to the TNC started gaining power, Freeport relied on the state military for security. It was claimed that Freeport financed Indonesian military to violently repress protests against its environmental crimes.[37] This case is very complex and it is evident that Freeport is involved in the political issues as well. Both parties profit from the situation to the detriment of the environment and local communities. The government with its power is able to repress any opposition and it seems that it has no intention to stop the environmental degradation because the profits it has from Freeports operations are too significant. The environmental harm caused does not seem to be of much importance and the same holds true for the health of the population. As can be seen from the cases mentioned throughout the paper, implementation of laws on the sate level in many cases proves to be insufficient. Some governments take the exact opposite role to what they are supposed to be doing instead of preventing TNCs environmental pollution and protecting their citizens they take an active role and support TNCs misconducts. Laws are too often not enforced and TNCs can continue exploiting the resources and polluting the environment without any limitations. Conclusion In the past few decades the initiative to recognize the right to a healthy environment has become stronger. The progress can be seen from the increasing number of documents recognizing the importance of environmental protection. At the regional level, there are a few treaties recognizing the right to a healthy environment, however no global treaty exists yet which recognizes this right. The international law is in this perspective lagging behind some national laws many states have namely recognized the right to a healthy environment in their constitutions. Activities of transnational corporations around the world have become unavoidable. TNCs are mostly registered in developed countries and often operate with harmful business practices in the Third World. There is no global binding treaty directed at TNCs regarding their conduct towards the environment and this proves to be a weakness of current international law. TNCs can therefore often get away with the pollution they cause. Many voluntary regulations exist but these cannot be legally enforced. They can only be seen as guidelines which TNCs are not obliged to follow. Only corporations that want to adhere to them will do so and it can be expected that those will probably be the ones which already operate in ethical ways. Voluntary guidelines will therefore not impact corporations which are responsible for the worst abuses. The importance of media in this regard is growing. Criticism of TNCs behavior might be the main weapon against their misconduct since they may want to avoid negati ve publicity which can affect their sales. It remains the fundamental role of each government to enforce environmental laws. It is up to each state to ensure that TNCs operating under its jurisdiction do not operate in an environmentally harmful manner. In the case of developing countries these often lack sufficient funds for environmental regulation or mechanisms to monitor TNCs performance. At the same time, they are often reluctant to act because of the fear of losing TNCs investment. Countries frequently place priority on economic benefits over environmental protection and it is not rare that they even help TNCs in their environmental exploitation by violently repressing resistance of their citizens. It can therefore be concluded that national governments of developing countries can in many cases not be relied upon to play their role in environmental protection. Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Sources African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Buttefield, Fox: Philippines Expected to File Suit Against Westinghouse New York Times, 1 Dec., 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/01/business/philippines-expected-to-file-suit-against-westinghouse.html?pagewanted=1 (accessed 5 Dec. 2009). Business and Human Rights Resource Center. Freeport Indonesia. Several Articles. http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Individualcompanies/F/FreeportIndonesiapartofFreeport-McMoRan (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Cleaver, Harry. Freeport McMoRan And Human Rights Violations In West Papua. UT Watch. http://www.utwatch.org/corporations/freeportfiles/cleaver.html (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Commentary on the Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/38/Rev.2 (2003). http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/links/commentary-Aug2003.html (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Corporate Watch. Royal-Dutch Shell Group. http://www.corporatewatch.org/?lid=302 (accessed 12 Dec. 2009). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 16 June 1972) UN Doc. A/Conf.48/14, reprinted in 11 ILM 1416 (1972) http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=97ArticleID=1503 (accessed 9 Dec. 2009). Forsythe, David P. The Political Economy of Human Rights: Transnational Corporations. Lincoln, University of Nebraska, 2001. Fortune. Global 500. 2009 Annual Ranking of the Worlds Largest Corporations. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/full_list/ (accessed 11 Dec. 2009). Friedman, Milton The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits. New York Times Magazine, 13 September 1970, 32. http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Gallagher, Kevin P. and Lyuba Zarsky. Rethinking Foreign Investment for Development, 2006. http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue37/GallagherZarsky37.htm (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Greenpeace. Several Articles on Unilever. http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/tags/unilever?page=1 (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Grow, Brian Social Responsibility: Fundamentally Subversive? Business Week, 15 August 2005. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_33/b3947115_mz017.htm (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (New York, 16 Dec. 1966) 993 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force 3 Jan. 1976. International Law Programme Discussion Group. Norms on the Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations: where next? 17 June 2004. http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/3244_ilp170604.pdf (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Jà ¤gers, Nicola The Legal Status of the Multinational Corporation Under International Law. In Linking Human Rights and the Environment, ed. Romina Picolotti and Jorge Daniel Taillant, 31-56. Tuscon, The University of Arizona Press, 2003. Kiss, Alexandre The Right to the Conservation of the Environment. In Linking Human Rights and the Environment, ed. Romina Picolotti and Jorge Daniel Taillant, 31-56. Tuscon, The University of Arizona Press, 2003. Maggio, Greg and Owen J. Lynch Human Rights, Environment, and Economic Development. Existing and Emerging Standards in International Law and Global Society. CIEL Home Page, 15 Nov. 1997. http://www.ciel.org/Publications/olpaper3.html (accessed 11 Dec. 2009). Marsden, Chris In Defence of Corporate Responsibility. URL (accessed 8 Dec. 2009). OECD-Declaration on International Investments and Multinational Enterprises (21 June 1976) OECD Press Release A (76), 20. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/36/1922428.pdf (accessed 9 Dec. 2009). OReilly, Paddy and Sophia Tickell TNCs and Social Issues in the Developing World. In Human Rights Standards and the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations, ed. Michael K. Addo, 273-287. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (14 June 1992) UN Doc. A/Conf.151/5/Rev.1, reprinted in 31 ILM 874 (1992). http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=78ArticleID=1163 (accessed 9 Dec. 2009). Salazar, Milagros  »PERU: Leaching Out the Water with the Gold «. Inter Press Service. CorpWatch webpage. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=14157 (accessed 14 Dec. 2009). Sende, Analia Marcella The Responsibilities of States for Actions of Transnational Corporations Affecting Social and Economic Rights: A Comparative Analysis of the Duty to Protect. 15 Colum. J. Eur. L. Online 33 (2009) http://www.cjel.net/online/15_2-marsella-sende/ (accessed 14 Dec. 2009). Shell. Webpage. http://www.shell.com/ (accessed 12 Dec. 2009). Tonkin, David. The Complex Story of Freeport. Inside Indonesia. Dec. 2004 http://www.insideindonesia.org/content/view/219/29/ (accessed 13 Dec. 2009). UN Commission on Human Rights, Round-up of 60th Session, U.N. Doc. HR/CN/1099 (26 April 2004). http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2004/hrcn1099.html (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 2004/11, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2004/L.73/Rev.1 (20 April 2004). URL UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights (13 Aug. 2003) U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2 (2003) http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/links/norms-Aug2003.html (accessed 10 Dec. 2009). Unilever. Unilever Environment Policy. http://www.unilever.com/images/sd_Environment-Policy_tcm13-173498.pdf (accessed 12 Dec. 2009). United Nations Organization. UN Global Compact, The Ten Principles. 2000. http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/index.html (accessed 9 Dec. 2009). Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10 Dec. 1948), U.N.G.A. Res. 217 A (III) (10 Dec. 1948). http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html (accessed 13 Dec. 2009). University of Michigan. The Curse of Oil in Ogoniland. http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/cases_03-04/Ogoni/Ogoni_case_study.htm (accessed 20 Dec. 2009). Zarsky, Lyuba (1997): Stuck In the Mud? Nation-States, Globalization and the Environment. The Hague. OECD. Woodroffe, Jessica Regulating Multinational Corporations. In Human Rights Standards and the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations, ed. Michael K. Addo, 131-142. The Hague: Kluwer Law Inter

Huck and finn :: essays research papers

Jim’s Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of a sudden I woke up to someone saying hello and I jumped up and turned around to see who was on the island with me. To my surprise I saw Huckleberry Finn, thinking that he was dead i dropped to my knees and said â€Å"doan’ hurt me dont’t! I hain’t ever done no harm to a ghos’. I alwuz liked dead people, en done all i could for ‘em. You go en git in de river ag’in, whah you b’longs, en doan’ do nuffin to Ole Jim, ‘at ‘uz alwuz yo’ fren’.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then Huck explained to me what had happened to him and amde me understand he was alive and not a ghost. After expalining Huck says â€Å"It’s good daylight. Le’s get breakfast. Make up your campfire good.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What’s de use er makin up de camp-fire to cook strawbriesen sich truck? but you got a gun, hain’t you? Den we kin git sumfn better then strawbries.† I said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strawberries and such truck,† he said. â€Å"is that what you live on? â€Å"I could’nt get nuffin else,† â€Å"Why how long you been on the island Jim?† â€Å"I came heah de night after you’s killed.† â€Å"What, all that time† â€Å"Yes indeedy† â€Å"And you ain’t had nothing but that kind of rubbage to eat?† â€Å" No sah nuffin else† â€Å"Well you must be starved ain’t you?† â€Å"I reck;n i could eat a hoss. I think I could. How long you ben on de islan’?† â€Å"Since the night I got killed.† â€Å"No W’y, what has you lived on? But you got a gun. Oh, yes. you got a gun. Dat’s good. Now you kill sumfn en I’ll make up de fire.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So we went over to where the canoe was, and whuile I built the fire in a grassy open place amongst the trees, Huck went off and feched a meal and bacon and coffee, and a coffee-pot and frying pan and sugar and tin cups, and I was set back considerable because I reckoned it was all done with witchcraft. He caught a good big catfish and I cleaned him with my knife and fried him. When breakfast was ready weolled on the grass and eat it smoking hot. I laid it in all my might , because i was most starved. Then we had got pretty well stuffed, we laid off and lazied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By and by I said: â€Å" But looky here, Huck who wuz it dat ‘us killed in dat shanty ef it warnt you?† Then he explained to me th whole thing and I told him it was smart.